Doxapram Hydrochloride, Clinical Pharmacology, RXlist:"Doxapram hydrochloride produces respiratory stimulation mediated through the peripheral carotid chemoreceptors. As the dosage level is increased, the central respiratory centers in the medulla are stimulated with progressive stimulation of other parts of the brain and spinal cord. The onset of respiratory stimulation following the recommended single intravenous injection of doxapram hydrochloride usually occurs in 20-40 seconds with peak effect at 1-2 minutes. The duration of effect may vary from 5-12 minutes. The respiratory stimulant action is manifested by an increase in tidal volume associated with a slight increase in respiratory rate."
http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/doxapram_cp.htm

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Doxapram Hydrochloride(Dopram), Introduction, Priory.com:"Doxapram hydrochloride (Dopram®) is a central nervous system stimulant (analeptic agent). It is used as a respiratory stimulant but has only a limited role in the management of respiratory failure. Formerly, nikethamide and ethamivan were used as respiratory stimulants but are no longer recommended because the effective doses were close to toxic levels."
http://www.priory.com/cmol/doxapram.htm

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Doxapram Hydrochloride(Dopram), Description, eGeneralMedical.com:"Dopram Injectable (Doxapram Hydrochloride Injection, USP) is a clear, colorless, sterile, non-pyrogenic, aqueous solution with pH 3.5-5.0, for intravenous administration. Due to its benzyl alcohol content, Dopram Injectable should not be used in newborns. Dopram Injectable is a respiratory stimulant. Doxapram hydrochloride is a white to off- white, crystalline powder, sparingly soluble in water, alcohol and chloroform. 1-ethyl-4-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]- 3,3-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinone monohydrochloride monohydrate."
http://egeneralmedical.com/rxlist00000796.html

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Doxapram Hydrochloride(Dopram), Description, Drugs.com:"Doxapram is indicated to stimulate deep breathing in postoperative patients and to stimulate respiration in patients with drug-induced postanesthesia respiratory depression or apnea not associated with muscle relaxants."
http://www.drugs.com/xq/cfm/pageID_0/brand_Dopram/qx/index.htm

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Doxapram Hydrochloride, xReferemces:"A drug that stimulates breathing (i.e. it is a respiratory stimulant). It may be used to reverse the inhibition of breathing (respiratory depression) caused by drugs during surgery. It can also be used to treat acute respiratory failure. Doxapram is available as a form for intravenous injection or infusion on prescription only."
http://www.xrefer.com/entry.jsp?xrefid=473327

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Doxapram Hydrochloride(Dopram), Pharmacology and the Nursing Process:"CNS stimulants are used as appetite suppressants, as analeptics, and to treat narcolepsy and ADHD. Doxapram (Dopram) is classified as a CNS stimulant that is a respiratory stimulant."
http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/MERLIN/Lilley/answers.html#15

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Doxapram Hydrochloride, Perioperative Shivering: Physiology and Pharmacology, 2002 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc.:"Doxapram is a low-potency analeptic agent that is best known as a respiratory stimulant. However, it is also an effective treatment for postanesthetic shivering. 142 Although the pharmacology of doxapram remains poorly understood, the drug clearly stimulates breathing by a central action in or below the pons as its action is unaffected by brainstem transection in fetal lambs. 319 Doxapram speeds up awakening after halothane anesthesia, 320 as does physostigmine. 321 In dogs recovering from halothane anesthesia, this clinical observation was confirmed by electroencephalographic evidence of arousal after administration of each drug. 322"
http://www.uic.edu/com/mcas/shivering.html#65

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Doxapram Hydrochloride, "Inactive" Ingredients in Pharmaceutical Products, January, 1997, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS:"Toxicity has been described in one infant weighing 3350 g who received 32 to 105 mg/kg/d.[80] Continuous infusions of high doses of some medications containing benzyl alcohol, such as doxapram, may reach the range of benzyl alcohol dosage associated with toxicity in this case report. Premature infants receiving low doses in medications were found to have peak benzoic acid levels 10 times higher than those in term infants but without evidence of toxicity."
http://www.aap.org/policy/re9706.html

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Doxapram Hydrochloride(Dopram), Doxapram treatment for apnea in preterm infants, Issue 3, 2002, The Cochrane Library:"Although intravenous doxapram might reduce apnea within the first 48 hours of treatment, there are insufficient data to evaluate the precision of this result or to assess potential adverse effects. No longterm outcomes have been measured. Further studies are needed to determine the role of this treatment in clinical practice."
http://www.update-software.com/abstracts/ab000074.htm

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